- Supracardiac Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
- Dilated right atrium
- Dilated and hypertrophied right ventricle
- Small underfilled left atrium and left ventricle
- Supracardiac Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
- Pulmonary venous confluence visualized posterior to the left atrium with at least one pulmonary vein draining into it
- Dilated right atrium
- Dilated right ventricle
Echocardiographic Assessment: Apical 4 Chamber
- Right atrial size (often dilated in setting of anomalous venous return)
- Right ventricular size and function (often dilated and hypertrophied)
- Left atrial size (often small and underfilled)
- Left ventricular size (often small and underfilled)
- Pulmonary hypertension assessment (tricuspid regurgitation by color and spectral Doppler)
- Pulmonary venous confluence (posterior to left atrium)
- Venous drainage into pulmonary venous confluence
- Assess individual veins (by 2D, color and spectral Doppler)
- Transducer placed on apical PMI (4th or 5th intercostal space)
- Midclavicular line at the apical PMI (point of maximal intensity)
- Notch at 3 o'clock