- Shone's Complex
- Hypoplastic left ventricle
- Hypoplastic mitral valve
- Dilated right ventricle
- Shone's Complex
- Turbulent flow across a hypoplastic mitral valve
- Mild mitral regurgitation
The apical four chamber is an optimal view to assess the supra-mitral valve region, mitral valve anatomy and degree of mitral stenosis, as well as the left ventricular size.
- Transducer placed on apical PMI (4th or 5th intercostal space)
- Midclavicular line at the apical PMI (point of maximal intensity)
- Notch at 3 o'clock
- Supravalvar mitral ring
- Parachute mitral valve
- Hypoplastic mitral valve
- Left ventricular hypoplasia