• Shone's Complex
    • Hypoplastic left ventricle
    • Hypoplastic mitral valve
    • Dilated right ventricle
  • Shone's Complex
    • Turbulent flow across a hypoplastic mitral valve
    • Mild mitral regurgitation

The apical four chamber is an optimal view to assess the supra-mitral valve region, mitral valve anatomy and degree of mitral stenosis, as well as the left ventricular size. 

  • Transducer placed on apical PMI (4th or 5th intercostal space)
  • Midclavicular line at the apical PMI (point of maximal intensity)
  • Notch at 3 o'clock
  • Supravalvar mitral ring
  • Parachute mitral valve
  • Hypoplastic mitral valve
  • Left ventricular hypoplasia