• Pulmonary Stenosis
    • Dysplastic pulmonary valve with thickened leaflets 
  • Pulmonary Stenosis
    • Dysplastic pulmonary valve with tethered leaflets
  • Pulmonary Stenosis
    • Pulmonary valve stenosis with flow turbulence starting at the level of the pulmonary valve
  • Pulmonary Valve Stenosis 
    • Dysplastic pulmonary valve with thickened and tethered leaflets which dome in systole
  • Pulmonary Valve Stenosis 
    • Continuous wave Doppler across the pulmonary valve revealing severe pulmonary valve stenosis
    • Mild dynamic obstruction (dagger-like Doppler signal buried within parabolic Doppler signal)
  • Echocardiographic Assessment: Parasternal Long Axis
    • Profile the distal right ventricular outflow tract/subvalvar region (2D, color Doppler, spectral Doppler)
    • Assess the pulmonary valve for dysplasia (leaflet morphology, excursion, hypoplasia, tethering)
    • Assess main pulmonary artery (hypoplasia, post-stenotic dilation in case of valvar PS)
    • Assess for pulmonary stenosis or regurgitation (color and spectral Doppler pulse wave and continuous wave Doppler) at the subvalvar, valvar and supravalvar level

  • Transducer placed at the left sternal border
  • 3rd or 4th intercostal space
  • Notch pointed towards patient's right shoulder
  • Angle transducer anteriorly towards patient's left shoulder (tilt tail of transducer down)