Overview and natural history
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) is a rare congenital malformation in which all four pulmonary veins do not connect normally to the left atrium. Instead, the four pulmonary veins drain abnormally to the right atrium by way of an anomalous venous connection. There are four main types: supracardiac, intracardiac, infracardiac or mixed venous drainage.
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return to the coronary sinus (TAPVR to CS) is a form of intracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous return. In TAPVR to CS, there is an anomalous connection of the pulmonary veins with abnormal pulmonary venous return with all four of the pulmonary veins returning to a pulmonary venous confluence, which in turn connects to the coronary sinus which subsequently drains into the right atrium.
Epidemiology
Embryology
Hemodynamics
Goals of echocardiography exam